Library Technical Services

Table of Contents Enhancement of the Catalog
Prepared by Marty Crowe
December 1997

INTRODUCTION

As patron demand for information continues to grow, table-of-contents (TOC) enhancement of catalog records is becoming an increasingly common method of expanding access to previously "hidden" items in monographic collections and providing an in-depth view of library holdings. The vendor who initiated the distribution of TOC data in 1992 (Blackwell's) has recently extended the availability of its records to RLG, WLN, and the local-system vendor Innovative Interfaces. In addition, a few other vendors are probing the market.

This report is intended to provide the library's senior management with the information necessary to make a decision on implementing TOC enhancement of Cornell's OPAC. It presents a profile of each vendor's product and service, a comparison of how well each would suit Cornell's particular environment and needs, and the considerations and concerns of those units or elements of CUL that would be most affected by enhancement of the catalog. It also discusses alternatives, contingencies, and questions of timing.

Information on the vendors' services originates from direct conversations with the vendors' representatives and from their Web sites. Local input has come from speaking with staff in various departments in O/K/U, Mann, and central library administration. The organizations contacted that provided information based on their own experience include Columbia University; the University of California, Santa Barbara; the University of Pennsylvania; the University of Arizona at Tucson, and OhioLINK.

REASONS FOR CONSIDERING TOC ENHANCEMENT

• TOC enhancement represents a practical and valuable user service, especially for faculty and graduate students, who want to be particularly thorough in their search for resources. Research indicates that the number of individual items per anthology or other collected work varies from 20 to 30, highest for the sciences and English-language publications and lowest for the social sciences. Although results of course differ, and it is difficult to predict for any particular library, access may be increased by 200% to 600% through TOC enhancement. (1) Patrons benefit by finding and using more books, or different books, than they would have found previously. Robert Wolven, the Director of Bibliographic Control and Processing at Columbia, which also uses NOTIS, reports that when he demonstrates a search in the OPAC, he often gets search results in which 50% or more of the hits come from TOC data, even though the library has been adding those fields for only 3 years.
• Searching by TOC may provide patrons with items at Cornell that satisfy their needs and thus reduce the number of ILL requests.
• The capacity to review OPAC searches and select, reject, or prioritize resources would be welcomed by patrons as more of the collections are housed in remote storage. Apart from accommodating the users, it could also cut down on operating costs of retrieving books that the user might not want after seeing the contents.
• TOC searching would expand access to the collections for everyone, including those who connect from remote locations such as offices or dormitory rooms.
• Selectors could find the TOC information useful for collection management--for example, determining how many copies of a particular work Cornell really owns, counting the many that are embedded in anthologies or collected works.
• CUL considers its database to be its capital investment for the future. It is important to keep the catalog a vital finding aid as we move more and more to a digital world, providing expanded access to the collections. 

TOC SERVICES AVAILABLE

Blackwell's

• File of 145,000 records
• Data from 1992
• Tapeload or FTP

Yankee Book Peddler

• File of over 12,000 records as of October 1997
• Data begin in mid-1997
• Data come on the catalog record
• Service will tested in winter 1998

WLN

• Blackwell's files
• Authorities processing and TOC enhancement seamless for CUL
• Would need to tweak service, since it is just beginning
• Data on hand, ready to be loaded (as of 12/1/97)

RLIN

• Blackwell's files
• Records searched individually and "PUT" into NOTIS by cataloger

PALINET

• No file of its own; scanning and formatting for Yankee
• Would scan and format special projects for CUL

Primary Source Media Chadwyck-Healy

• CD-ROM products

Innovative Interfaces

• Functions only with INNOPAC library management system

PUBLIC SERVICES CONSIDERATIONS

• Increase in hit rate. Members of the O/K/U reference staff, who discussed the matter of TOC enhancement at a staff meeting, do not express the concern that sometimes arises about the increased retrieval results and possible confusion for patrons. The assumption is that most titles would be indicative of subject matter. Robert Wolven comments that Columbia's staff, even those who were apprehensive about that effect beforehand, have been generally pleased with the results. They feel that the added access outweighs any disadvantages.

• Effect on instruction. Reference staff can offset the larger number of keyword hits if necessary by teaching more precise searching and by directing patrons to author and title searches to get around keyword retrieval in appropriate cases.

• NOTIS tagging and display. The limited capabilities of NOTIS may be the element that is most noticeable. The NOTIS libraries contacted who have implemented TOC enhancement (Columbia and Santa Barbara) have mentioned their dissatisfaction with the inflexibility of the searching and display. It will allow searching only by keyword in the normal contents field (505 field). Author/title searching and authority control would be possible only if the TOC data were stored in local fields (9XX fields), and programming would be required to include them in the merged headings index. Under current conditions Fred Muratori and Tony Cosgrave, who are knowledgeable and deal in this area, feel that they could come up with an adequate display and perhaps even provide for a public search limited to the contents field. The reference staff, however, expressed a preference for having authors of articles retrieved by a= searches and titles of articles retrieved by t= searches.
• Content summaries (520 fields). Free-text content summaries come with Blackwell's TOC data unless the library specifically states it does not want them. The consensus among reference staff was that although these notes would be helpful in record displays, in general they would be less useful if indexed to search. Columbia, which started out with keyword indexing of the summaries, was dissatisfied with the results and is now displaying them in the long view but not allowing them to be searched.
• CUL manuscripts and archives staff, on the other hand, have been creating, and will continue to create, local 520 fields, for which they consider searching to be very valuable. A solution to these opposing views might be to take the vendor-supplied content summaries into local 529 fields, for example, which would not be indexed to search, and continue to leave 520 content summaries searchable. Those 529 fields could also be flagged not to export, thus meeting the requirement that Blackwell's content summaries not be exported (see Contingencies, Constraints).

TECHNICAL SERVICES CONSIDERATIONS

• Authority control. Authority control is not available for the basic 505 contents note field. Although TOC enhancement via the local (9XX) fields makes possible authority control, NOTIS could not use this information without local programming, and making it part of the merged headings would be problematical (see Storage capability). According to Diane Hillmann, lack of authority control would not be a crucial issue for the library.

• Acquisitions. Depending on the choice of vendor, the type of records purchased from Yankee might need to be reviewed (see CIP Records). Should the library choose Yankee as its TOC vendor, Scott Wicks does not see future changes in our Yankee agreement as a problem for Acquisitions.

• Workflow. In general, with the exception of RLG's service (see RLIN Records), TOC enhancement would have no effect on workflow or the day-to-day activities of cataloging staff who create and edit NOTIS records. 

NOTIS (LMS) CONSIDERATIONS

• Field length. Since the contents (505) and local (9XX) fields are "repeatable" (i.e., the record may contain a number of them), individual field length is not an absolute constraint. Lengthy contents fields can be broken down into multiple shorter ones.

• Record length. A MARC record allows a maximum of 4,000 characters (the average monograph on OCLC is 550). A contents (505) field averages 1,078 characters; the median being 710. Staff at the University of California, Santa Barbara and Columbia estimate that TOC enhancement roughly doubles record size. The increase in record length could be kept to a minimum by not taking the content summaries (520 fields).

• Size of keyword index. Cecily Johns, the AUL for Collections and Technical Services at UC Santa Barbara (also on NOTIS and about to migrate to DRA), which has been using Blackwell's service since early 1993, reports that TOC data were added to 45% to 55% of its eligible titles acquired in 1996. (2) That means, of course, the percentage of American and UK imprints, not of the total acquisitions for the year. Robert Wolven reports for Columbia a current TOC enhancement rate of about 70% to 75%, and 40% to 45% for the previous year, with a sharp drop-off after that. Blackwell's experience shows rates varying from 40% to 75% for academic libraries, as stated on its Web site. Robert Wolven maintains that the increase in the size of the keyword index has not been a problem. Lynne Personius says we have a large and robust computer driving the NOTIS indexes, and it would not be a problem for Cornell either. The impact of increasing the index size is felt in the time it takes to regenerate it: Cecily Johns estimates that at UC Santa Barbara it doubled the time. Columbia's staff had been concerned about the effect on regenerating the keyword index, but Robert Wolven reports that it wasn't bad. The increase could be mitigated by displaying but not indexing the content summaries (520 fields) if they were accepted with the TOC data or by taking the content summaries into unsearchable local 529 fields, as suggested under Public Services Considerations.

• Storage capability. NOTIS does have the capacity to accept elements and content designators in TOC data that it cannnot use currently (for example, the designators that provide author and title searching, authority control, and a facsimile display of the contents page) and save that information until CUL migrates to a new LMS. This would allow three options: (1) taking basic (505) contents notes or (2) enhanced 505 notes now and, later, with a new LMS, updating to local (9XX) fields at no charge (if the vendor were Blackwell's), or (3) taking 9XX data from the start and storing the elements that NOTIS cannot handle until CUL has a new LMS that can provide a more sophisticated display and authority control (see OPAC Display, and Recommendation). Columbia is storing TOC data that it cannot use currently.

• New LMS. Because TOC data were not under discussion at the time the RFP was drafted, no questions were included on how the LMS dealt with contents. According to Lynne Personius, most new systems expect this data and format its display. Since NOTIS will not be with us much longer, its limitation of display should be taken lightly in her opinion. For a sample record that demonstrates what technology is capable of delivering with TOC data from local (9XX) fields, please see the OhioLINK Central Catalog, and search cyberpunk as a keyword. From the hits select "The celebration of the fantastic." For a sample display of TOC data in the basic contents (505) field by the same LMS (INNOPAC), at the University of Arizona, please see the Catalog of the University of Arizona Libraries, and search cyberpunk as a keyword. Select the title "Virtual realities and their discontents" (illustration 2).

• Integration with Repeat Search Processing. CUL has opted to take un-upgraded CIP (Cataloging in Publication) records from Yankee and have them upgraded at a later date by OCLC Repeat Search. Thus any TOC data added to those records prior to Repeat Search processing would be overlaid and lost. It would be necessary to arrange the timing to accommodate both CIP upgrading and TOC enhancement without loss of data.

SUITABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL VENDORS FOR CUL

The following tables summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each vendor's services for CUL. The vendor profiles attached provide full descriptions of what each has to offer.

BLACKWELL'S

Blackwell's  has mounted a detailed presentation of its services, including sample MARC records (illustrations 3-5), on its Web site.

Advantages

• Most experienced vendor
• Data back to 1992
• Currently ca. 145,000 records, including UK imprints
• Ca. 35,000 records added per year
• Offers 3 levels of enhancement
• Could include items with copy from Yankee, member copy from OCLC and RLIN, and items catalgoed from the backlog
• Possible to update lower grade of enhancement later at no charge
• Delivery via tapeload, FTP, or diskette
• Content summaries (520 fields) optional
• Possible to arrange for special collections or projects
• Convenient processing schedules

Disadvantages

• Requires agreement not to export data; CUL would have to restrict all 505 fields unless it opted to take the data into 9XX fields

YANKEE BOOK PEDDLER

Yankee is currently building a TOC file from records provided by PALINET and intends to test its product this winter.

Advantages

• Data would be delivered as part of the cataloging record; no separate loading necessary
• Offers 3 levels of enhancement

Disadvantages

• Data only for items purchased through Yankee, thus excluding member copy from OCLC and RLIN for other current acquisitions or for items cataloged from the backlog. Currently mostly US imprints; very few UK
• Inexperienced vendor of TOC data
• Data begins with last 6 months of 1997
• As of October 12, file contained 12,152 records
• No content summaries

WLN

WLN is now in the process of setting up a service to deliver Blackwell's records. The tapes are ready to load, and workflow is being determined.

Advantages

• Would provide both authorities processing and TOC enhancement from Blackwell's appearing as a seamless process to CUL; both in one package avoids having to deal with an additional vendor
• Could include items with copy from Yankee, member copy from OCLC and RLIN, and items cataloged from the backlog
• Data back to 1992
• Currently ca. 145,000 records

Disadvantages

• Whatever technical difficulties WLN might have implementing a new service
• Requires agreement with Blackwell's not to export data. CUL would have to restrict all 505 fields unless it opted to take the data into 9XX fields
• [WLN does not yet know if the contents summaries are optional; one assumes so, since Blackwell's are optional]

RLIN

RLIN is supplying Blackwell's enhanced contents (505) fields with the content summaries (520) fields.

Advantages

• Data back to 1992
• Currently ca. 145,000 records

Disadvantages

• CUL is doing most of its searching in OCLC now, not RLIN
• No tapeloading. Each TOC record must be searched for individually &and "PUT" into the NOTIS record by a cataloger
• Offers only one level of enhancement: enhanced 505
• Content summaries (520 fields) must be taken with the TOC data
• No upgrading of data to higher level of enhancement later
• Requires agreement not to export data. CUL would have to restrict all 505 fields unless it opted to take the data into 9XX fields

PALINET

PALINET is not a vendor itself, but is providing scanning and record formatting for Yankee. It would be interested in an agreement to do the same for CUL if the library wanted anything done retrospectively or TOC data for any special projects, such as items being transferred to the Annex. It provides all 3 levels of enhancement.

PRIMARY SOURCE MEDIA, CHADWYCK-HEALY, INNOVATIVE INTERFACES

These vendors are not suitable to Cornell's purposes. Primary Source Media and Chadwyck-Healy offer CD-ROM products, rather than additional search access to the OPAC. Innovative Interfaces has developed its service to function only in conjunction with the INNOPAC library management system. For the sake of completion, their descriptions are included among the vendor profiles attached.

COST ANALYSIS

Since none of the vendors have setup charges, the start-up costs all consist of CUL staff time: LTD (testing and making any code changes), the head of the Technical Services Support Unit (specifications for loading data, problem solving), the technology librarian (tag tables), and reference staff (configuration of the OPAC screen display). If the library chooses the RLIN option, CTS catalogers would need approximately 833 hours per year to manually add TOC data to catalog records.

Annual costs assume TOC enhancement of around 20,000 records (except for the Yankee option, which assumes 11,900 records) on the basis of an estimate from Columbia, whose collection patterns are similar to those of Cornell.

Vendor charges would be the same as for the first year.

Blackwell's, WLN. Vendor charges are $.75 per record (20,000 x $.75 = $15,000).

RLIN. The vendor charge is $.26 per ISBN numeric search for the record plus $.50 per record "PUT" (20,000 x $.76 = $15,200). Estimating that CTS staff could search and PUT a record every 2.5 minutes if the PUT function were working at normal speed, it would take 833.33 staff hours (21.37 weeks) to enhance 20,000 records.

Yankee. The vendor charge is $.75 per record, and according to Scott Wicks, Cornell receives ca. 17,000 items per year from Yankee. Since Columbia has found that about 70% of its eligible records receive TOC data, the total cost here would be for only 11,900 records rather than 20,000 (11,900 x $.75 = $8,912) if we applied the same percentage to Cornell.

ALTERNATIVE OR COMPLEMENTARY SERVICES

RLIN Eureka

Patrons already have access to Blackwell's records through Eureka, although there is no hook to holdings. Users must either check the locations in the RLIN bibliographic file to see if there are CUL holdings or search the main work in NOTIS. The University of Pennsylvania has created a direct link to the Eureka TOC file from the Web page listing its online databases ("Blackwell's Tables of Contents (essays and chapters)," labeled *NEW*). CUL might want to consider a similar device to increase public awareness of this resource.

Palinet

PALINET is currently producing between 100 and 200 TOC records per day from photocopies of contents sent by Yankee. That requires a staff of six, including a supervisor. As previously mentioned, they would be interested in special projects for Cornell.

In-house scanning

No academic libraries have been located that produce their own TOC records locally via optical scanning in the large quantities that are available through vendors. However, for the past three years Mann Library has been scanning TOC for the items on its "New Book Shelf" and has built up a file of several thousand images stored on a server. The intent is different from that of vendors, who are providing additional keyword or index terms for the OPAC. Mann's purpose is to give users a feel for the content--sometimes an image from the jacket is also scanned in. A link easily added to the catalog record (a URL in an 856 field) would allow users to retrieve the TOC image with a click of the mouse. This process would work with any "webbed" catalog and could possibly be applied to other CUL special collections.

The service is accessed through the Mann Gateway: click on "What's New" and then "New Book Shelf" to bring up the page with the current "bibliography" of new books. Select any title to bring up its TOC image. The bibliography is updated every two weeks along with the physical books on the shelf as part of the regular workflow. Briefly, the process of creating the service (a joint project of Mann's Technical Services and Circulation staff) proceeds as follows:

• Student assistants download the MARC record for a selected title from the online catalog as part of the bookmarking process. EndNote Plus 2.0, a bibliographic file management package, is used to download the MARC record and create the bibliography.
• Students also add the record ID number, which is later used to link the citation to the appropriate scanned table of contents.
• Circulation staff scan the table of contents and name each file with the record ID number. Images are scanned using Adobe Photoshop, Deskscan II, and LView to produce JPEG files. It takes about ten minutes to create an image.
• Every two weeks Technical Services staff sort the Endnote database by title and produce an HTML file from Endnote. The record ID is used as the relative URL, and the table of contents links automatically to each citation.
• The new file is then moved onto the server and the old bibliography removed.
  

CONTINGENCIES, CONSTRAINTS

OPAC display

As outlined in Storage Capability, CUL would have the option of taking TOC data at any of three levels: basic 505 fields, enhanced 505 fields, or local 9XX fields. (The vendor profile for Blackwell's includes technical descriptions distinguishing the three levels.) The two 505 options display the contents in the same familiar, block format with which patrons are well acquainted. In the 9XX field format, each item is clearly listed in a separate field. However, the elements in the subfields, such as title, author, author's name in reverse order, and page number are not separated by consistent punctuation, because those fields are not primarily intended for public view, but to recreate a facsimile display of the table of contents, which lacks internal punctuation. The display is certainly usable, and patrons would be able to discern the elements of information they are seeking, but it is not emanently readable, and the appearance is unpolished.

Restricted Export of Blackwell's Data

Any data from Blackwell's (including files obtained through WLN or RLIN) may not be exported. Therefore all contents (505) and content summaries (520) fields, no matter what their origin, would have to be flagged not to export. George Kozak has suggested a possible solution of having the vendor add a 988 field to TOC-enhanced records to control the bib-out process. Another alternative would be to take Blackwell's data into local (9XX) fields. The local fields could then be flagged not to export, leaving the contents (505) fields that were obtained from all other sources free to export on bib-out.

CIP Records

CTS Acquisitions is contracting with Yankee to provide cataloged records for full LC and un-upgraded CIP received from them. As explained under Integration with Repeat Search Processing, the CIP records will be upgraded when they are later run through OCLC Repeat Search. If the Repeat Search overlay occurred after TOC enrichment, the TOC data would be lost. Thus LTD would need to look for a satisfactory solution to issues of timing and integration with Repeat Search processing.

RLIN Records

The RLIN option would require CTS catalogers' time to search and PUT the records and thus necessitate revising the workflow to incorporate the process. It would also increase the current level of RLIN searching by CTS.

LTD Priorities

Establishing an appropriate time for implementation would depend on LTD staffing and its priorities (see Timing of Implementation, below).

TIMING OF IMPLEMENTATION

Since the currently scheduled date for bringing up a new LMS is summer 1999, CUL might well consider implementing the TOC enhancement before the library becomes heavily involved in planning for that major event. The TOC data would then migrate to the new system as part of the overall process. The introduction of the new Library Gateway will undoubtedly take a considerable amount of LTD's attention as of January 1998, as well as the Annex Inventory Control System and NOTIS version 6.4, but when those have been fully implemented, the time would be appropriate for initiating TOC enhancement.

RECOMMENDATION

Contracting with WLN seems to be the most advantageous and efficient option. WLN would then provide TOC data from Blackwell's (the vendor with the most numerous records and the most experience) in conjunction with CUL's authorities processing, thus eliminating the need for dealing with an additional TOC vendor.

Taking 505 contents fields at this point, because of NOTIS limitations such as poor display of the 9XX fields, would be to impose limitations on the new LMS, because the two types of 505 fields contain either no, or fewer, designators for additional search capabilities or for a facsimile display of the contents. On the other hand, taking the data into local 9XX fields, which would offer more flexibility in the future, would in the interim present an OPAC display that some public services staff might find unacceptable. Because of the impact it would have on the OPAC display, it is important that the public services sector have the opportunity to discuss the form in which the data are acquired if TOC enhancement is implemented. Experimenting with a small test database before committing to a particular format could simplify the decision.

If the project is undertaken, it will require close collaboration with LTD to overcome the difficulty presented by the restriction on the export of TOC data and to devise a schedule that coordinates the timing of TOC enhancement and Repeat Search processing.

APPENDIX: VENDOR PROFILES

Blackwell's

Service: Since spring 1992 in the case of U.S./Canadian editions of English-language titles, and since fall 1995 in the case of U.K./European editions of English-language titles, Blackwell's has been electronically scanning and capturing tables of contents for most books covered by its Approval and New Titles Services; descriptive summaries and author affiliations, from book jackets, have been captured for many of the same titles. Blackwell's focuses on high-distribution monographic titles published by university, sci-tech, trade, and specialty publishers, whose titles are of interest to academic institutions. Approximately 800 records are created per week.

Contents: Tables of contents that do not contribute to an understanding of works are excluded, e.g., tables of contents from dictionaries, novels, and travel guides. Blackwell's editors also determine the suitability of descriptive summaries (520 field). Summaries are concise and to the point.

Optional Fields Used for Enhancement

Libraries have the option of receiving TOC data in one of three formats: as a basic 505 contents field, as an enhanced 505 contents field, or as chapter-level 9XX fields, which some local systems can display as an online table-of-contents facsimile.

• Basic 505 field. Data can optionally be added to subfield a of the 505 field in conformity with LC MARC standards. In the event of a preexisting 505 field, the field is deleted and the MARC record is enriched with Blackwell's data, which is generally more comprehensive. The average size of basic 505 fields is 1,078 characters; however, the median size is only about 710 characters. Libraries whose local systems have field-size limits can specify maximum field sizes that will trigger creation of multiple basic 505 fields.
• Enhanced 505 field. Data can optionally be added to subfields g, r, and t of the 505 field in conformity with LC MARC standards. Enrichment with enhanced 505 fields facilitates more selective indexing of data than in basic 505 fields. An enhanced 505 field allows subfields coded for labels (such as pt., chapter), for the author statement, and for the title. When a library opts to receive data in an enhanced 505 field, Blackwell's deletes preexisting 505 fields. The average and median size of enhanced 505 fields is about 70 characters greater than basic 505 fields. Libraries whose local systems have field-size limits can specify maximum field sizes that will trigger creation of multiple enhanced 505 fields.
• 9XX fields. As an alternative to 505 fields, Blackwell's offers enriched records with TOC data in 9XX fields, one 9XX for each chapter-level author and title. Storage of chapter-level TOC data in separate 9XX fields allows some local systems to display the data online as a table-of-contents facsimile or reproduction. In addition, optional inclusion of the inverted form of authors' names in 9XX fields facilitates indexing of those authors in OPACs. A library whose local system cannot yet accommodate table-of-contents data in 9XX fields may choose to initially enrich records with the 505 fields; however, if the library's local system later acquires the capability to index and display separate 9XX fields, Blackwell's will re-enrich the library's records with 9XX fields at no additional charge. For that purpose Blackwell's maintains a retrospective file, or the library can send back its own tapes.
• Author affiliations. Blackwells also captures authors' institutional and corporate affiliations from publication data. Whether a library chooses to receive TOC data in the 505 field or in 9XX fields, author affiliations can optionally be added in a separate library-specified 9XX field.
• Summary fields. Libraries may choose not to add the descriptive summary fields (520), particularly if they are concerned about record length.

Search options: The basic 505 field allows only keyword searching. The enhanced 505 field provides keyword and title searching. The 9XX fields allow full searching, and the inverted form of the author's name makes possible the indexing of chapter-level authors along with monograph-level authors in the OPAC. The 9XX fields allow authority control.

Comment: Blackwell's processes MARC data submitted on 9-track tapes, IBM 3480 cartridge tapes, IBM compatible diskettes, or via Internet/FTP. Records may be processed for enrichment weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, or on an irregular basis. Blackwell's requires an agreement that its TOC data not be exported.

Price: $.75 per record.

Contact: Jeff Calcagno (800-547-6426)

There is much more specific data available for Blackwell's service that is not included in this profile, including samples of each type of enhanced record, at its Web page.

YANKEE BOOK PEDDLER

Service: TOC will initially be provided as part of the cataloging for current materials only and limited to its approval customers. When the service begins, the file will contain 6 months of TOC data for 1997 imprints. In full production it hopes to add 1,000 records per week. Yankee delivers the contracted level of service when a book is shipped to a library. It does not provide subsequent record upgrade services (such as Blackwell does from a basic or enhanced 505 to 970 fields at no extra charge).

Contents: Yankee will provide the equivalents of Blackwell's "basic 505," "enhanced 505," and "chapter level 970 fields" (cf. Blackwell's profile for descriptions). If Yankee doesn't have to do any additional programming, it will provide the 970 fields with the authors coded in inverted form. (Cf. the PALINET profile, which indicates that PALINET has included that in the Yankee template.) There are no contents summaries (520 fields).

Search options: The basic 505 field allows only keyword searching. The enhanced 505 field provides keyword and title searching. The 9XX fields allow full searching, and the inverted form of the author's name makes possible the indexing of chapter-level authors along with monograph-level authors in the OPAC. The 9XX fields allow authority control.

Comment: Yankee has received the data from PALINET, and the software has been tested, but the distribution mechanism will not be tried until this winter. In general, receipt of data from the supplier has been slower than expected.

Price: $.75 per record.

Contact: Judy McQueen (800-258-3774).

WLN

Service: Blackwell's TOC and summary records (520 field) for English-language titles published since April 1992 (currently 142,000 records; about 35,000 per year added in weekly batches of 800).

Contents: See Blackwell's profile for descriptions.

Search options: The basic 505 field allows only keyword searching. The enhanced 505 field provides keyword and title searching. The 9XX fields allow full searching, and the inverted form of the author's name makes possible the indexing of chapter-level authors along with monograph-level authors in the OPAC. The 9XX fields allow authority control.

Comment: WLN has the Blackwell's file; it just needs to be loaded and the workflow established. WLN would handle authorities processing and TOC enhancement so that it would appear seamless to CUL. Blackwell's requires an agreement that its TOC data not be exported. WLN is also dealing with Yankee Book Peddler and intends to mount its file when Yankee markets its product (cf. Yankee Book Peddler profile).

Price: $.75 per record.

Contact: Sally Smith (800-DIAL WLN; ssmith@wln.com)

RLIN

Service: Blackwell's TOC and summary records (520 field) for English-language titles published since April 1992 (currently 142,000 records; about 35,000 per year added in weekly batches).

Contents: RLIN provides the Blackwell "enhanced 505" field (cf. the Blackwell profile), which provides 3 internal subfields: labels, such as pt., sec.; author statement in natural order; and title. If a record also has a summary field, that must also be taken. There is no way to export just the 505 from RLIN's records.

Search options: In the RLIN file the contents are intended to be searchable by exact author, keywords from the author, exact title, keywords in the title, and keywords in the summary fields. Currently the searching is not working properly. In NOTIS, searching would be by keyword only. There would be no authority control.

Comment: There is no tape processing. Records must be identified via an individual search by the cataloger and manually "PUT" into NOTIS.

Price: RLIN TOC data is stored in a file separate from the bibliographic file. The searcher locates the record by a search for the item's ISBN. $.26 for the search plus $.50 per record "PUT" = $.76 per record.

Contact: RLG Information Center (800-537-7546; bl.ric@rlg.org)

PALINET

Service: PALINET has an exclusive contract to do the scanning and tagging of TOC data for Yankee Book Peddler. In regular production since May, by October it had produced 12,152 records from title pages that Yankee had sent. It hopes to produce 30,000 to 40,000 by the end of the year (500 to 1,000 per week).

Contents: The template developed by PALINET provides internal subfields of the contents that include the inverted form of the author's name, authors' affiliations, translators, and compilers. From the representative's description, it seems to be on a par with Blackwell's records (cf. Blackwell's profile). The quality of the service itself, however, cannot be judged yet because PALINET has no track record. The Yankee representative reported that as of 12/1/97, PALINET is behind in production.

Search options: The basic 505 field allows only keyword searching. The enhanced 505 field provides keyword and title searching. The 9XX fields allow full searching, and the inverted form of the author's name makes possible the indexing of chapter-level authors along with monograph-level authors in the OPAC. The 9XX fields allow authority control.

Comment: PALINET could do for CUL exactly what it does for Yankee if CUL wanted any retrospective or special collection TOC enhancement (e.g., scan contents of materials going to the Annex). A possible alternative to an in-house operation? The contact was eager to tailor to Cornell's needs

Contact: Jim Rush (215-382-7031; rush@palinet.org)

PRIMARY SOURCE MEDIA

Service: Bookscope, a CD-ROM containing 350,000 titles since 1989. Updated monthly; over 50,000 titles added per year. Records are supplied by Blackwell's.

Contents: 70% of the records contain TOC information. In addition, the database provides: 1. detailed publisher information, including e-mail and Internet addresses; 2. book reviews; 3. summaries; 4. authors' biographies and affiliations; 5. conference proceedings titles.

Search options: Keyword; exact phrase; author; title; subject, and ISBN--or a combination of fields; Boolean operators.

Price: $595

Comment: Windows-based. Available for a 30-day preview.

Contact: Robert Guarino (800-444-0799)

CHADWYCK-HEALY

Service: IDIOM, a CD-ROM containing 5,000 scholarly volumes in 15 key subject areas in the humanities and social sciences since 1994 (the history index goes back to 1984). Updated yearly; over 2,000 titles added per year.

Contents: The core collection is the annual list "Outstanding Academic Books" in Choice. Books for College Libraries is used to identify additional relevant texts.

Search options: Keyword; exact phrase; author; title; subject, or a combination of terms.

Price: $595 for the backfile and for each update.

Comment: Original plans called for a program of retrospective subject releases. The product has not sold well, and updates are currently on hold.

Contact: Cheryl Crosby (800-610-9093)

INNOVATIVE INTERFACES INC.

Service: TOC records are automatically identified by Blackwell's and delivered over the Internet on a monthly basis.

Search options: The basic 505 field allows only keyword searching. The enhanced 505 field provides keyword and title searching. The 9XX fields allow full searching, and the inverted form of the author's name makes possible the indexing of chapter-level authors along with monograph-level authors in the OPAC. The 9XX fields allow authority control and can display on the OPAC as a table-of-contents facsimile.

Comment: Works only on the INNOPAC library management system.

Contact: Anne Carson (800-878-6600, ext. 5115)

NOTES

1. Claus Poulsen, "Tables of Contents in Library Catalogs: A Quantitative Examination of Analytic Catalogs," Library Resources & Technical Services 40:2 (April 1996): 133-138. (Top)

2. Cecily Johns, "Authority Control and Record Enrichment Outsourcing at the University of California, Santa Barbara," Outsourcing Library Technical Services Operations. Ed., Karen A. Wilson, Marylou Clover (Chicago: American Library Association, 1997). (Top)